Telephone lines were open for comments on the question, “What is America’s place in the world?”

0 hours, 48 minutes | 125 Views

Dr. John Santa talked about a new study that found many health care tests and treatments are often not necessary. The report was conducted by a coalition of groups representing more nearly 375,000 physicians. Dr. Santa also responded to telephone calls and electronic communications.
C-SPAN Radio’s Nancy Calo read news headlines at the end of the program.

0 hours, 42 minutes | 200 Views

Bill Buzenberg talked about the Center for Public Integrity’s recently released “State Integrity Report” which ranked all 50 states in 14 categories, and he responded to telephone callls and electronic communications. Some of the categories included campaign finance, internal auditing, lobbying disclosure, and access to information to assess which are the most and least corrupt state governments.

0 hours, 40 minutes | 990 Views

Damian Paletta talked about the cost of the federally based disability payments and who qualifies to receive them. Other topics included the history and evolution of the program and when the Congressional Budget Offices estimates the trust fund for disability payments will expire. He also responded to telephone calls and electronic communications.
This program was part of C-SPAN’s “Your Money” series. Each Monday morning the last hour of “Washington Journal” is devoted to a federal program, focusing on its mission, participants, and cost.

0 hours, 40 minutes | 348 Views

Olli Heinonen talked about the status of Iran’s nuclear program. Among the topics he addressed were the risks of nuclear proliferation, the international response to Iranian nuclear development, and the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He responded to questions from the audience.

0 hours, 45 minutes | 167 Views

Panelists talked about the role of Latino voters in the 2012 elections. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Jose Diaz-Balart moderated.
“The Latino Vote” was the second panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 11 minutes | 301 Views

Panelists talked about American identity, immigration, race relations, and the effect on politics. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Juan Williams moderated. 
“The New American Identity” was the third panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 13 minutes | 366 Views

Juan Williams moderated a discussion on the role race might play in the 2012 elections. Panelists agreed that race would be a factor. Topics included the Arizona immigration law, the Asian voting bloc, President Obama’s standing among white voters, and the Republican Party strategy in the 2012 election and in recent elections. Karen Narasaki in her remarks said that the Republican Party strategy appears to assume that they will not get minority votes and will therefore make voting more difficult for minorities, citing the spate of recent voter identification laws as proof.
“Political Factors” was the first panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 2 minutes | 739 Views

Panelists talked about education and how race affects Latino, African-American, and Asian students. Topics included unequal opportunity, college preparation, teacher quality, and customizing teaching methods to fit student needs. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Jose Diaz-Balart moderated.
“Education” was the fourth panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 9 minutes | 331 Views

Panelists talked about the treatment of race by the news media and combating stereotypes. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Juan Williams moderated. Charlie Firestone then made closing remarks for the day-long symposium.
“News Media” was the fifth panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

0 hours, 55 minutes | 317 Views

Witnesses testified on the progress of the Veterans Administration’s 5-year plan to end homelessness among veterans, particularly female veterans.

1 hours, 46 minutes | 167 Views

Jay Carney briefed reporters and answered questions. In his remarks he said that the Obama administration viewed North Korea’s potential missile launch as a “provocative act” that would make it impossible for U.S. to provide nutritional assistance for the country in the future. Other topics included political unrest and violence in Syria and Iran’s nuclear program.

0 hours, 46 minutes | 208 Views

Damian Paletta talked about the cost of the federally based disability payments and who qualifies to receive them. Other topics included the history and evolution of the program and when the Congressional Budget Offices estimates the trust fund for disability payments will expire. He also responded to telephone calls and electronic communications.
This program was part of C-SPAN’s “Your Money” series. Each Monday morning the last hour of “Washington Journal” is devoted to a federal program, focusing on its mission, participants, and cost.

0 hours, 39 minutes | 348 Views

Tavis Smiley moderated a forum on women, children and poverty in the U.S. Speakers included CNBC’s Suze Orman, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis, Pulitzer Prize winning author Sheryl WuDun. and Sioux Tribe President Cecelia Fire Thunder. They talked about short- and long-term solutions to combat poverty, as well as education, violence against women, voting rights, and reproductive rights.

2 hours, 0 minutes | 827 Views

Juan Williams moderated a discussion on the role race might play in the 2012 elections. Panelists agreed that race would be a factor. Topics included the Arizona immigration law, the Asian voting bloc, President Obama’s standing among white voters, and the Republican Party strategy in the 2012 election and in recent elections. Karen Narasaki in her remarks said that the Republican Party strategy appears to assume that they will not get minority votes and will therefore make voting more difficult for minorities, citing the spate of recent voter identification laws as proof.
“Political Factors” was the first panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 2 minutes | 739 Views

Panelists talked about American identity, immigration, race relations, and the effect on politics. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Juan Williams moderated. 
“The New American Identity” was the third panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 11 minutes | 366 Views

Tavis Smiley moderated a forum on women, children and poverty in the U.S. Speakers included CNBC’s Suze Orman, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis, Pulitzer Prize winning author Sheryl WuDun. and Sioux Tribe President Cecelia Fire Thunder. They talked about short- and long-term solutions to combat poverty, as well as education, violence against women, voting rights, and reproductive rights.

2 hours, 0 minutes | 827 Views

Juan Williams moderated a discussion on the role race might play in the 2012 elections. Panelists agreed that race would be a factor. Topics included the Arizona immigration law, the Asian voting bloc, President Obama’s standing among white voters, and the Republican Party strategy in the 2012 election and in recent elections. Karen Narasaki in her remarks said that the Republican Party strategy appears to assume that they will not get minority votes and will therefore make voting more difficult for minorities, citing the spate of recent voter identification laws as proof.
“Political Factors” was the first panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 2 minutes | 739 Views

Panelists talked about American identity, immigration, race relations, and the effect on politics. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Juan Williams moderated. 
“The New American Identity” was the third panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 11 minutes | 366 Views

Olli Heinonen talked about the status of Iran’s nuclear program. Among the topics he addressed were the risks of nuclear proliferation, the international response to Iranian nuclear development, and the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He responded to questions from the audience.

0 hours, 50 minutes | 167 Views

Panelists talked about the role of Latino voters in the 2012 elections. They also responded to questions from members of the audience. Jose Diaz-Balart moderated.
“The Latino Vote” was the second panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 6 minutes | 301 Views

Former Army officer Paula Broadwell talked about David Petraeus' military career and his impact on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. General Petraeus gave her access to himself and his team for the book. She was joined by her co-author Vernon Loeb in responding to questions from members of the audience at Politics and Prose in Washington, D.C.

0 hours, 58 minutes | 9,901 Views

Marc Rotenberg talked about Google’s new privacy policy, which allows the company to share all of the personal data it has from more than 1 billion users across all of its services. Attorneys general in 32 states have called the policy an invasion of privacy and the EU has said the policy may violate European law. Mr. Rotenberg’s Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) sued the Federal Trade Commission to stop the new privacy policy. A federal court dismissed the lawsuit, but the case is being appealed.

0 hours, 29 minutes | 603 Views

The National Archives held a ceremony to mark the release of an online database with detailed, individual information on more than 15 million Americans who filled out a 1940 census. Panelists talked about the significance of the 1940 Census and the impact of the Great Depression on the era. They also responded to questions from the audience.

0 hours, 27 minutes | 70 Views

Charlie Firestone and David Cohen made welcoming remarks at the opening session of the Aspen Institute’s conference on the state of race in the United States. Professor James Jackson then talked about racial demographics and gave statistics on minorities living in the United States.
The Symposium on the State of Race in America was held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

0 hours, 28 minutes | 797 Views

Juan Williams moderated a discussion on the role race might play in the 2012 elections. Panelists agreed that race would be a factor. Topics included the Arizona immigration law, the Asian voting bloc, President Obama’s standing among white voters, and the Republican Party strategy in the 2012 election and in recent elections. Karen Narasaki in her remarks said that the Republican Party strategy appears to assume that they will not get minority votes and will therefore make voting more difficult for minorities, citing the spate of recent voter identification laws as proof.
“Political Factors” was the first panel of the Symposium on the State of Race in America held at the Newseum by the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program in association with Comcast Corporation.

1 hours, 4 minutes | 739 Views

Scientists spoke about the process of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, which involves extracting natural gas and oil from rock deposits deep underground. Among the topics thy addressed were safety concerns, environmental impact, the scope of fracking in the industry, and the science of the process. They also noted that the process was linked to recent earthquakes in Ohio and elsewhere, as well as the circumstances that can lead to natural gas leaking into people’s drinking water. They responded to questions from the audience.

1 hours, 9 minutes | 655 Views

Business leaders from Tunisia and Egypt outlined economic plans for the two nations to move forward in the aftermath of the “Arab Spring” uprisings of 2011. They also responded to questions from the audience.

1 hours, 40 minutes | 246 Views

Law professors Pamela Karlan and Nathaniel Persily talked about redistricting issues in the next decade. Topics included past, current, and potential court cases around the country. They answered questions following their discussion.

1 hours, 12 minutes | 114 Views

Political scientists, authors, and professors talked about demographics and voting rights. Topics included pending state voter identification laws and 2012 ballot measures. They responded to questions from the audience.

1 hours, 25 minutes | 136 Views

Angelo Ancheta made the keynote speech at a conference on redistricting. He focused on the 2008 California law that created citizens redistricting commission, the establishment and early work of the commission, and the process following the 2010 Census.

0 hours, 52 minutes | 62 Views

Redistricting, Partisanship, and the Future of the Voting Rights Act
Ellen Katz , Professor, Michigan Law School ( Democrats at DOJ: Why Partisan Use of the Voting Rights Act Might Not Be So Bad After All )
Nina Perales , Director of Litigation, Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
Abigail Thernstrom , Commissioner, U.S. Civil Rights Commission ( The Voting Rights Act in a Racially Transformed America
Moderator: Pamela Karlan , Professor, Stanford Law School
3:15 PM - 4:45 PM | Assessing Redistricting Reform in California and Beyond
Angelo Ancheta , Commissioner, California Citizens Redistricting Commission
Heather Gerken , Professor, Yale Law School
Michael Kang , Professor, Emory Law School
Nicholas Stephanopolous , Lecturer, Columbia Law School ( Communities and the Commission )
Moderator: Nathaniel Persily , Professor, Columbia Law School
9a - 4:45p PT Sanford Law

1 hours, 33 minutes | 166 Views

Carl Colby discussed his latest documentary film, The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby. The film examines the personal and professional life of former Central Intelligence Agency Director William Colby. He detailed the actual production of the film, which he narrated, and the choice of his mother, Barbara Colby, as one of his primary interview sources. He talked about his father’s life in espionage, the Vietnam War, the assassination of the South Vietnamese president in 1963, and about coming to terms with people referring to his father as a “murderer” for his actions in Vietnam on behalf of the government. William Colby was fired after two and one half years as CIA director after revealing to Congress some of the CIA’s darkest secrets about extra-legal operations. Carl Colby discussed the death of his father died in 1996. Video clips shown included some from C-SPAN, a news report, and several from the film.

0 hours, 59 minutes | 1,295 Views

Marc Rotenberg talked about Google’s new privacy policy, which allows the company to share all of the personal data it has from more than 1 billion users across all of its services. Attorneys general in 32 states have called the policy an invasion of privacy and the EU has said the policy may violate European law. Mr. Rotenberg’s Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) sued the Federal Trade Commission to stop the new privacy policy. A federal court dismissed the lawsuit, but the case is being appealed.

0 hours, 29 minutes | 603 Views

Craig Shirley presented a history of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. In his book the author details the bombing and the subsequent reaction by the American government, military, and public as they entered into World War II. He was interviewed by Mr. Hilboldt and responded to questions from members of the audience.

0 hours, 50 minutes | 1,297 Views

Historian Stanley Weintraub recounts the Christmas holiday of 1941, two weeks after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Mr. Weintraub examines America’s entry into World War II and the populace’s new, wartime reality. He also recalls Winston Churchill’s visit to the White House on December 22, 1941, where President Roosevelt and Churchill lit the White House Christmas tree and discussed their alliance and strategy for the War. Stanley Weintraub responded to questions from members of the audience at Chester County Book and Music Company in West Chester, Pennsylvania.

0 hours, 53 minutes | 611 Views

Burton and Anita Folsom contend that President Franklin D. Roosevelt used World War II to promote his own agenda, which according to the authors, included the expansion of the executive branch, curtailed civil liberties, and excessive spending. The authors also argue that the president’s funding of the New Deal was subsidized by cuts in defense that left the country ill-prepared for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent U.S.entry into World War II. The authors responded to questions from members of the audience.
This Cato Institute Book Forum was held at the Undercroft Auditorium in Mount Vernon Place.

0 hours, 58 minutes | 780 Views

Foreign policy and nuclear proliferation specialists talked about the nuclear threats the U.S. faces around the world. Topics included the recent nuclear summit in Seoul, South Korea and Obama administration efforts. Robert Gallucci said the U.S. is on “borrowed time” in describing the various ways terrorists can get access to enough fissile material to make a nuclear device.

1 hours, 4 minutes | 347 Views

Olli Heinonen talked about the status of Iran’s nuclear program. Among the topics he addressed were the risks of nuclear proliferation, the international response to Iranian nuclear development, and the work of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He responded to questions from the audience.

0 hours, 50 minutes | 167 Views

Craig Shirley presented a history of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. In his book the author details the bombing and the subsequent reaction by the American government, military, and public as they entered into World War II. He was interviewed by Mr. Hilboldt and responded to questions from members of the audience.

0 hours, 50 minutes | 1,297 Views

Historian Stanley Weintraub recounts the Christmas holiday of 1941, two weeks after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Mr. Weintraub examines America’s entry into World War II and the populace’s new, wartime reality. He also recalls Winston Churchill’s visit to the White House on December 22, 1941, where President Roosevelt and Churchill lit the White House Christmas tree and discussed their alliance and strategy for the War. Stanley Weintraub responded to questions from members of the audience at Chester County Book and Music Company in West Chester, Pennsylvania.

0 hours, 53 minutes | 611 Views

Burton and Anita Folsom contend that President Franklin D. Roosevelt used World War II to promote his own agenda, which according to the authors, included the expansion of the executive branch, curtailed civil liberties, and excessive spending. The authors also argue that the president’s funding of the New Deal was subsidized by cuts in defense that left the country ill-prepared for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent U.S.entry into World War II. The authors responded to questions from members of the audience.
This Cato Institute Book Forum was held at the Undercroft Auditorium in Mount Vernon Place.

0 hours, 58 minutes | 780 Views

Panelists talked about the 2014 security transition in Afghanistan, and the role of neighboring countries Pakistan and Iran.

1 hours, 30 minutes | 123 Views

Foreign policy and nuclear proliferation specialists talked about the nuclear threats the U.S. faces around the world. Topics included the recent nuclear summit in Seoul, South Korea and Obama administration efforts. Robert Gallucci said the U.S. is on “borrowed time” in describing the various ways terrorists can get access to enough fissile material to make a nuclear device.

1 hours, 4 minutes | 347 Views

Craig Shirley presented a history of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. In his book the author details the bombing and the subsequent reaction by the American government, military, and public as they entered into World War II. He was interviewed by Mr. Hilboldt and responded to questions from members of the audience.

0 hours, 50 minutes | 1,297 Views

This program explores African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
Next is a discussion with descendants of the De Priest, Wormley, Syphax, and Jennings families.
This is forty minutes.

0 hours, 42 minutes | 217 Views

Panelists talked about the political process, forming governments, and drafting new national constitutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya following political uprisings that occurred in the “Arab Spring” of 2011. Among the topics they addressed were political activity since the fall of their previous governments, the democratic intentions of the revolutionary movements, and process of drafting a constitution. Following their remarks, they answered questions from audience members.

1 hours, 29 minutes | 283 Views

Business leaders from Tunisia and Egypt outlined economic plans for the two nations to move forward in the aftermath of the “Arab Spring” uprisings of 2011. They also responded to questions from the audience.

1 hours, 40 minutes | 246 Views

Witnesses testified on the Transportation Security Administration’s use of body scanners at airports and other programs designed to make air transportation safe and secure.

1 hours, 57 minutes | 427 Views

Representative Chip Cravaack (R-MN), a retired commercial airline pilot, made an emotional appeal for preserving the federal program that trains and arms airline flight crews. The program was implemented after ther terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Afterward, pilots talked about the Obama administration’s plan to cut funding in half for the program. All of the speakers spoke in favor of retaining the program.

1 hours, 23 minutes | 164 Views

Former President Bill Clinton moderated a discussion with activists who talk about their service activities and what motivates them in trying to make a difference. Speakers included recording artist Usher; former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright who spoke about her efforts in a post-governmental role; and others who co-founded their own organizations to help people living in underdeveloped countries. Usher led the audience in singing “The Greatest Love of All.”

1 hours, 47 minutes | 589 Views

Michael Punke talked about U.S.and European Union trade negotiations, Russia’s participation in the World Trade Organization, and U.S. global trade interests. Following his remarks he answered questions from the audience.

0 hours, 35 minutes | 71 Views

Panelists talked about the get-out-the-vote efforts and election issues close to women in 2012. Among the topics they addressed were the issue of reproductive rights in the presidential campaign, and other social issues. They also responded to questions from the audience.

1 hours, 4 minutes | 255 Views

Social Security Administration Chief Actuary Stephen Goss and various interest groups representing the disabled talked about the reasons behind increase in the number of applications for Social Security disability insurance have increased in recent years. They also responded to questions from the audience.

1 hours, 45 minutes | 527 Views

Coming up is a program on African American work and life in Washington, DC - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear from Lonnie Bunch, director of the new National Museum of African American History and Culture -- and from George Mason history professor Spencer Crew who explores the lives of free blacks in the 18th and 19th centuries. 
Katherine Malone-France of the National Trust for Historic Preservation ends this program with a discussion about the slave quarters at Decatur House just across the street from the White House. 
This hour-long event took place at St. John’s Church on the edge of President’s Park.

1 hours, 8 minutes | 276 Views

Coming up is a program on African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear from Alexandra Lane, Rights and Reproductions Coordinator for the White House Historical Association about the Gadsby family and slave trading in D.C. We also hear from Elizabeth Dowling Taylor, author of A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons.
This hour-long event took place at St. John’s Church on the edge of President’s Park.

0 hours, 55 minutes | 199 Views

Coming up is a program on African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear about the rise of a free black family residing near President’s Park and about first lady Lou Henry Hoover’s invitation to Jessie De Priest, the wife of United States Congressman Oscar De Priest, to a White House Tea Party.
It was the first time an African American was a guest at the White House since Teddy Roosevelt hosted Booker T. Washington nearly thirty years earlier.

1 hours, 10 minutes | 216 Views

This program explores African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
Next is a discussion with descendants of the De Priest, Wormley, Syphax, and Jennings families.
This is forty minutes.

0 hours, 42 minutes | 217 Views

Coming up is a program on African American work and life in Washington, DC - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear from Lonnie Bunch, director of the new National Museum of African American History and Culture -- and from George Mason history professor Spencer Crew who explores the lives of free blacks in the 18th and 19th centuries. 
Katherine Malone-France of the National Trust for Historic Preservation ends this program with a discussion about the slave quarters at Decatur House just across the street from the White House. 
This hour-long event took place at St. John’s Church on the edge of President’s Park.

1 hours, 8 minutes | 276 Views

Coming up is a program on African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear from Alexandra Lane, Rights and Reproductions Coordinator for the White House Historical Association about the Gadsby family and slave trading in D.C. We also hear from Elizabeth Dowling Taylor, author of A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons.
This hour-long event took place at St. John’s Church on the edge of President’s Park.

0 hours, 55 minutes | 199 Views

Coming up is a program on African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear about the rise of a free black family residing near President’s Park and about first lady Lou Henry Hoover’s invitation to Jessie De Priest, the wife of United States Congressman Oscar De Priest, to a White House Tea Party.
It was the first time an African American was a guest at the White House since Teddy Roosevelt hosted Booker T. Washington nearly thirty years earlier.

1 hours, 10 minutes | 216 Views

This program explores African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
Next is a discussion with descendants of the De Priest, Wormley, Syphax, and Jennings families.
This is forty minutes.

0 hours, 42 minutes | 217 Views

Coming up is a program on African American work and life in Washington, DC - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear from Lonnie Bunch, director of the new National Museum of African American History and Culture -- and from George Mason history professor Spencer Crew who explores the lives of free blacks in the 18th and 19th centuries. 
Katherine Malone-France of the National Trust for Historic Preservation ends this program with a discussion about the slave quarters at Decatur House just across the street from the White House. 
This hour-long event took place at St. John’s Church on the edge of President’s Park.

1 hours, 8 minutes | 276 Views

Coming up is a program on African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear from Alexandra Lane, Rights and Reproductions Coordinator for the White House Historical Association about the Gadsby family and slave trading in D.C. We also hear from Elizabeth Dowling Taylor, author of A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons.
This hour-long event took place at St. John’s Church on the edge of President’s Park.

0 hours, 55 minutes | 199 Views

Coming up is a program on African-American work and life in Washington, D.C. - especially in the area around the White House known as President’s Park. 
We’ll hear about the rise of a free black family residing near President’s Park and about first lady Lou Henry Hoover’s invitation to Jessie De Priest, the wife of United States Congressman Oscar De Priest, to a White House Tea Party.
It was the first time an African American was a guest at the White House since Teddy Roosevelt hosted Booker T. Washington nearly thirty years earlier.

1 hours, 10 minutes | 216 Views