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00:00:10
Unidentified Speaker, -
FDR'S WORLD WAR II INTERMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS, PRESIDENT TRUMAN'S DESEGREGATION OF THE ARMED FORCES AND PRESIDENT EISENHOWER'S SUPREME COURT JUSTICE...
00:00:53
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AS YOU KNOW, THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES CHARGED WITH PRESERVING AND PROVIDING ACCESS TO OUR NATION'S MOST IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS. THE RECORDS WE SAFEGUARD...
00:07:55
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FOR ALL PROGRAM. I'M PARTICULARLY HAPPY TO SINGLE OUT CAROLINE KENNEDY AND TODD PUT PUTNAM, AND BRIGHAM McCUTCHEN AND JAY ZIMMER FOR MAKING THIS ...
00:09:39
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THE KENNEDY FOUNDATION LIBRARY, I WANT TO THANK THE ARCHIVIST OF THE UNITED STATES FOR BEING HERE AND OPENING OUR PROCEEDINGS. I ALSO WANT TO THANK...
00:11:22
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FIRST OF ALL WE HAVE TO REMEMBER THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY WAS PROFOUNDLY SOUTHERN AND A WESTERN PARTY, SO WHEN ROOSEVELT COMES INTO OFFICE, IS HE NOT YET...
00:17:49
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EVER. [ APPLAUSE ] >> LET'S MOVE TO ANOTHER SMALL TOPIC. THE DESEGREGATION OF THE ARMED FORCES. A PANEL WILL TALK ABOUT PRESIDENT
00:18:01
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TRUMAN, BUT WHERE DID FDR STAND? IT MAY BE OF INTEREST TO PEOPLE, WE'VE SEEN THE MOVIE ON THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN? DID HE KNOW THOSE STORIES? HIS MAIN INTENT...
00:18:23
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DID INSTRUCT THE WAR DEPARTMENT TO, IN FACT, ALLOW -- TO REMOVE THE BARRIERS PLACED IN FRONT OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS WHO, IN FACT, WANTED TO ENLIST...
00:22:19
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HISTORY WHERE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ACTUALLY IMPRISONS PEOPLE BASED ON RACE AND ETHNICITY. >> I WOULDN'T SAY IT'S THE FIRST TIME, BUT ONE OF THE MAJOR...
00:22:32
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MIND THAT FDR CONSIDERED THAT THE EMERGENCY OF WARTIME OVERRODE CIVIL LIBERTIES PROTECTIONS, NO DOUBT IN MY MIND ABOUT THIS. I MEAN, HE LOOKED TO...
00:24:56
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ANDERSON GAVE AT THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL. >> I LOVELL NOR ROOSEVELT, I LOVE FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT. THEIR PICTURE IS IN EVERY ROOM OF MY HEART. WE HAVE TO...
00:25:08
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HAROLD DICKEY A SHOUTOUT. WE NEED TO GIVE BOTH ROOSEVELTS CREDIT FOR IS ELEANOR'S UNDERSTANDING OF HOW TO USE HER NEWSPAPER COLUMN, MY DAY, TO TURN THIS...
00:28:54
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NELL LITERALLY FOUR OR FIVE MINUTES. WE'LL BRING SOME
00:28:57
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00:28:58
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CHAIRS UP AND BRING OUR NEXT GROUP OF PANELIST PANELISTS UP. >>> GOOD AFTERNOON, EVERYBODY. GOOD MORNING, LATE EARLY DAY, WHATEVER. I ALWAYS THINK IT'S...
00:29:10
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MARKING THE OCCASION, AND WE ARE, OF PRESIDENT'S DAY, TO SAY A LITTLE BIT OF SOMETHING ABOUT THE PRESIDENTS FOR WHOM THIS DAY IS NAMED. AND THAT'S GEORGE...
00:31:12
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BOTH ROOSEVELT AND CHURCHILL HAD ISSUED THE ATLANTIC CHARTER, AND THAT ATLANTIC CHARTER TALKED ABOUT THE FOUR FREEDOMS. AFRICAN-AMERICANS WORKS WERE...
00:32:27
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SO MUCH BETTER THAN I EVER
00:32:29
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WOULD, BUT PRESIDENT TRUMAN I THINK DID ISSUE THE EXECUTIVE ORDER IN 1948 FOR TWO BASIC REASONS. ONE WAS HIS OWN PERSONAL CONVICTION. THE OTHER WAS...
00:33:53
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BROTHERS, WHOMEVER COMING BACK FROM THE WAR AND A CHANGE IN A SENTIMENT AT THAT TIME. >> WELL, HI -- I HAD AN EXPERIENCE, MY DAD ACTUALLY FOUGHT IN WORLD...
00:34:08
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I ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW WHY WOULD YOU GO TO THE ARMY AND THEN COME BACK HOME, AND YOU COULDN'T VOTE, WORLD WAS SEGREGATED, AND THAT WAS AN ATMOSPHERE...
00:35:04
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AND THAT THAT REALLY WAS SORT OF AN UNDERPINNING, THAT
00:35:10
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IN MANY OF THESE COMMUNITIES YOU
00:35:12
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FOUND ACTIVIST RESULTING FROM THAT, AND IN MY CASE IN LITTLE ROCK THE WEEKLY PAPER, THE BATES, DAISY BATES AND HER HUSBAND L.C. RAN, HE WAS A VETERAN...
00:35:40
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ACTIVISM IN A LOT OF
00:35:41
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WAYS. MY MOTHER WAS A SCHOOLTEACHER, AND SHE WAS PART OF THE SUIT THAT -- FOR EQUAL PAY BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE TEACHERS. IN FACT, A LOT OF THE PUBLIC...
00:36:51
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NATION'S CAPITAL,
00:36:52
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EVEN AS LATE AS
00:36:54
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1953, A BLACK PERSON COULD NOT ATTEND A MOVIE, BUY A MEAL, GET A HOTEL ROOM OR FIND A RESTROOM IN DOWNTOWN WASHINGTON, D.C., THE CAPITAL, AND, AGAIN,...
00:37:32
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ONLY THIS KIND OF DISCRIMINATION, BUT THEY WERE FACING MASSIVE VIOLENCE. >> MM-HMM. >> THE LYNCHINGS THAT OCCURRED IN 1946 AGAINST BLACK VETERANS ...
00:37:42
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AND WHAT ALSO MADE IT ABSOLUTELY
00:37:44
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HORRIFIC WAS THAT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, THE STATE GOVERNMENTS AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WERE ALL LOOKING AT EACH OTHER GOING -- AND YOU'VE GOT MEN...
00:38:19
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NO, NO, NO. THIS IS THE BLOW TORCH LYNCHING OF JOHN JONES DOWN
00:38:23
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IN
00:38:24
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MENDON, LOUISIANA.
00:38:26
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THERE IS THE QUADRUPLE LYNCHING OF TWO VETERANS AND TWO WOMEN IN MONROE, GEORGIA, WHERE THEY WERE TAKEN OUT TO A CLEARING AND THEN LINED UP AND JUST...
00:39:22
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BOTH TRUMAN AND EISENHOWER WERE INFORMED BY TWO WARS. THE FIRST WAS WORLD WAR II. THE SECOND IS THE COLD WAR. WE DON'T THINK ABOUT THAT IN TERMS OF...
00:39:53
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TALKED ABOUT HOW THE COLD WAR FORCED THE UNITED STATES TO HAVE TO DEAL WITH ISSUES OF CIVIL RIGHTS BECAUSE THE SOVIETS WERE HAVING A FIELD DAY. EVERY...
00:41:47
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WE KNOW ABOUT FDR, HOW HE MOVED TOWARDS EVEN GETTING TO THE POINT, YOU MENTIONED HIS VETERANS OF BEING VETERANS, YOU TALKED ABOUT DESEGREGATING...
00:42:14
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THAT THEN 48 CAMPAIGN AND CLARK CLIFFORD MADE IT CLEAR THE ONLY WAY TO WIN THAT ELECTION IS GET THAT BLACK VOTE, THE BLACK VOTE THAT MOVED UP NORTH...
00:43:39
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THE SOUTHERN
00:43:41
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DEMOCRATS CONTROLLED ABOUT 63 OF THE KEY SEATS IN CONGRESS. THEY WEREN'T HAVING IT SO ANYTHING YOU WERE GOING TO TRY TO DO LEGISLATIVELY, YOU WEREN'T...
00:44:54
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TO DESEGREGATE THE MILITARY, THAT'S IT. I NEVER HEARD HIS NAME CONNECTED WITH ANYTHING ELSE HAVING TO DO WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. >> AND I THINK IT'S...
00:45:10
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MID-1950s AND THINK OF ROSA PARKS AND MARTIN LUTHER KING, SO WHEN YOU GET A PRELUDE, YOU GET A QUICK SNAPSHOT, DESEG THE MILITARY BECAUSE WE KNOW THE...
00:45:45
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THAT THAT BACKDROP WAS, YOU KNOW, THE REASON THAT GOING BACK TO READING
00:45:50
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THIS WEEKLY NEWSPAPER IN LITTLE ROCK, THIS BACKDROP OF SOLDIERS BEING MAIMED AND KILLED AND OTHER INCIDENTS WAS PART OF YOUR POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS....
00:46:59
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TODAY IS
00:47:00
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THAT EVERYBODY THINKS THAT DR. KING MADE THE SPEECH ON THE STEPS. >> AND THAT WAS IT? >> THAT WAS IT. EVERYBODY HELD HANDS. >> AND MY HOPE IS THAT...
00:47:12
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LIKE THIS GET PEOPLE TO BORE DOWN
00:47:15
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DEEPER TO UNDERSTAND WHAT ELSE WAS GOING ON AND
00:47:18
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WHY, YOU KNOW, WE FELT WE COULD STEP FORWARD, AND WE HAD THE SUPPORT OF FAMILY, THAT WE COULD DO SOMETHING DIFFERENT. >> WELL, WE'RE GOING TO GET TO...
00:47:36
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PEOPLE WHO DON'T KNOW, BECAUSE I DON'T ASSUME EVERYBODY KNOWS. EMMETT TILL WAS 14 YEARS OLD. HE'S PART OF THE WHOLE LYNCHING THING THAT WAS GOING ON....
00:49:16
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TO EISENHOWER QUICKLY IS TRUMAN PROVIDED, PARTICULARLY FOR THE BLACK COMMUNITY, SOME RHETORIC THAT WAS IMPORTANT TO THEM. THEY HAVE HAD SO LITTLE TO...
00:52:15
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THAT HAD NOT CONCERN NOT KENNEDY LAID OUT WHAT COULD HAVE HAPPENED THAT JOHNSON PICKED IT UP, IF TRUMAN HAD NOT BEGUN THE PROCESS OF DESEGREGATING THE...
00:52:43
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ANYWHERE, REINTRODUCED IN 1957, LEGISLATION THAT IN THE HISTORY BOOKS GETS CREDIT FOR PASSING. THAT LEGISLATION WAS BUILT ESSENTIALLY ON THE FOUNDATION...
00:53:55
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FRONT, BEHIND CLOSED DOORS, NOT IN FRONT, AND I WANT TO GO BACK AND UNDERSCORE THE FEDERAL JUDGE APPOINTMENTS BECAUSE HE WAS VERY THOUGHTFUL AS YOU...
00:54:27
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THING THAT EISENHOWER DID WAS TO APPOINT FEDERAL JUDGES COMMITTED TO DEFENDING BROWN, AND HE APPOINTED THEM PARTICULARLY IN THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CIRCUITS...
00:56:37
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LITTLE ROCK. GANG, REMEMBER, WE'VE SAID NEITHER TRUMAN NOR EISENHOWER LOOKING FOR SOCIAL EQUALITY, YET WE NOW, AS YOU HAVE ARTICULATED VERY WELL, UNDERSTAND...
00:57:16
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A -- AT THE BLACK HIGH SCHOOL THAT I ATTENDED BEFORE GOING TO CENTRAL, MY 11th GRADE HISTORY TEACHER WHOSE NAME WAS GWENDOLYN SCOTT, SHE TAUGHT...
01:03:52
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THINK EISENHOWER -- I NEVER HAD A CHANCE TO MEET
01:03:57
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HIM, NEVER, YOU KNOW, LOOKED BEYOND THAT YEAR OF THE PRESIDENTIAL POLITICS, BUT ONE IMPORTANT THING WAS AT MY GRADUATION, THERE WAS A YOUNG MINISTER...
01:04:51
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CONFERENCE YOU HAVE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION OF WERE YOU FRIGHTENED? >> SURE, I WAS FRIGHT NEW ENGLAND. >> NOW THERE'S A SITUATION THAT NOW ALL THESE...
01:05:02
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ON THE
01:05:03
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SIDE OF THE UNKNOWN. WHEN THE GOVERNOR CALLED OUT
01:05:07
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THE NATIONAL GUARD TO KEEP US OUT, YEAH, WE WERE FRIGHTENED, AND -- AND THE UNKNOWN WAS, YOU KNOW, WILL I COMPLETE SCHOOL THAT YEAR? I DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER...
01:06:05
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NOT -- NOT AN OPTION, AND THAT I THINK
01:06:09
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IS REALLY THE NINE OF US, WE WORKED WITH EACH OTHER. WE BECAME A CLOSE-KNIT UNIT, A FAMILY, AND THAT WAS REALLY WHAT HELPED US GET THROUGH THAT YEAR....
01:06:33
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THANK YOU. >> I WILL ADD ONE OTHER THING, THAT DURING THAT PERIOD ONE OF --
01:06:48
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LOUIS ARMSTRONG
01:06:49
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SPOKE OUT STRONGLY. >> THE SINGER. >> THE SINGER. >> THE MUSICIAN. >> THE TRUMPET PLAYER, THE
01:06:57
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MUSICIAN, AND
01:06:59
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HE SPOKE OUT AND
01:07:00
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ADD MONISHED
01:07:02
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EISENHOWER TO SEND SOME PROTECTION IN TO HELP US. >> HE DID INDEED. >> THERE WEREN'T A LOT OF PEOPLE STANDING UP AT THAT POINT, AND I REALLY THINK...
01:07:15
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SOMEBODY
01:07:16
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LIKE ARMSTRONG, THAT HE WOULD STEP OUT OF CHARACTER AND STAND UP. >> DAVID NICHOLS, I WANT YOU TO PICK UP THE THREAD. ERNIE TALKED TO HERBERT BROWNELL...
01:07:29
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WITH PRESIDENT EISENHOWER QUITE CLOSELY SO MANY YEARS AND SAID WHY SO CLOSELY. WHY DID HE DECIDE TO INTERVENE THE WAY HE DID AND WHY SO MANY TROOPS?...
01:07:47
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PRESIDENT EISENHOWER AND I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT, BUT YOURS IS THE GREAT STORY THAT MY BOOK DOESN'T PRETEND TO ADDRESS, AND IT'S THE STORY OF GREAT...
01:08:04
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01:08:05
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THAT. [ APPLAUSE ] >> SO IF I MAY, FOR PEOPLE WHO NEED RESOURCES ON THIS, PBS HAS JUST AIRED "DAISY BATES." IT'S AN HOUR OR A 90-MINUTE
01:08:19
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DOCUMENTARY PRODUCED BY SHARON LE CRUZ ONCE AN EMPLOYEE OF BLACK SIDE INCORPORATED WHERE I WORKED ON WITH EYES ON THE PRIZE WHICH IS A VERY FINE RESOURCE...
01:08:42
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ROCK AS THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG AND WE ALREADY
01:08:45
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TALKED ABOUT THE JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS. EISENHOWER
01:08:49
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AND HIS ATTORNEY GENERAL HERBERT BROWNELL ANTICIPATED VIOLENCE FROM ALMOST THE MOMENT THE BROWN DECISION WAS MADE AND EARLY ON, THE 101st AIRBORNE...
01:09:47
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MUCH AS SOME OF THE HALF INFORMED
01:09:50
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COMMENTARIES SAY. THE TIMELINE WAS VERY SHORTSTOP AS YOU MENTIONED, ERNIE, THE FAUBUS ANNOUNCED THE NATIONAL GUARD TO -- TO PATROL THE SCHOOL ON...
01:12:08
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PARTICULARLY A FORMER CONFEDERATE
01:12:11
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STATE SINCE RECONSTRUCTION AFTER THE CIVIL WAR SO THIS IS NOT SMALL POTATOES. IT'S A BIG DEAL. BUT MORE IMPORTANT -- MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE JUDICIAL...
01:12:32
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WHEN YOU VISITED SIMMONS COLLEGE WHEN YOU SPOKE OF PRESIDENT TRUMAN AND THE CONFLICT UNDERSCORED WHEN THE NAACP LEADER SUCH AS A. PHILIP RANDOLPH WANTED...
01:13:06
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ALLY, BUT ONE OF THE THINGS ABOUT THESE ALLIANCES, AND THAT IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL IN UNDERSTANDING MOVEMENT, AND UNDERSTANDING THESE -- THESE FREEDOM...
01:15:29
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ALLIES CAN ONLY TAKE YOU SO FAR. THERE ARE THINGS
01:15:31
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THAT SHE COULD DO. THERE
01:15:33
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WERE THINGS SHE COULD
01:15:34
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NOT DO AND WOULD NOT DO AND THE NAACP NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THAT AS IT WAS CRAFTING ITS STRATEGY. >> ALL RIGHT. ARE THERE ANY EXAMPLES OR ANY DOCUMENTATION...
01:15:47
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OF HIS PARTICIPATION IN MATTERS OF CIVIL RIGHTS? >> OH, YEAH. PARTICULARLY IN AFTER HIS MESSAGE TO CONGRESS IN FEBRUARY
01:16:02
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19 1948, HIS STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS, AND IN IT A STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS PART OF WHAT HE DOES IS HE LAYS OUT THAT THIS HAS GOT TO BE A NATION...
01:18:16
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SAID, OPERATING BEHIND THE SCENES,ENT IS FOR LITTLE ROCK DID, HE GET THE SAME KIND OF THREATS? >> I DON'T HAVE DOCUMENTATION OF THREATS AGAINST EISENHOWER'S...
01:18:30
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I DIDN'T LOOK AT THE SECRET SERVICE RECORDS THAT CAREFULLY. >> OKAY. >> I'M SORRY, I DON'T HAVE ANYTHING TO SHARE WITH YOU. I'M NOT AWARE OF ANY...
01:18:40
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01:18:41
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HIM. >> ERNIE GREEN, AND I KNOW THE ANSWER TO THIS, BUT THIS IS GOING TO BE A GREAT QUESTION FOR YOU TO ANSWER. SOME SAW THE PBS DOCUMENTARY WE
01:18:49
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JUST REFERRED TO FIRST LADY OF LITTLE ROCK, DAISY BATES, AND DID YOU MEET HER, YES, YOU DID, BUT TELL THAT STORY PLEASE. >> I SAID ONE OF THE GREAT...
01:19:07
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SUNGLASSES. HER HATS WERE IMPECCABLE, BUT SHE WAS ALSO TAKING ON THE -- AND I THINK THE FILM MAKES A NICE MARK ON THIS. SHE WAS TAKING ON MEN IN THE...
01:19:32
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ARKANSAS NAACP. SHE WAS THE STATE PRESIDENT. >> MM-HMM. >> WE KNEW HER BECAUSE
01:19:38
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THE FAMILY HAD THE WEEKLY NEWSPAPER, "THE ARKANSAS
01:19:43
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STATE
01:19:45
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PRESS," AND IT WAS -- IT WAS A JOURNAL THAT WE ALL READ, AND SO WHEN TIME CAME, SHE HAD SOOTHEUED THE LITTLE ROCK SCHOOL BOARD THE YEAR BEFORE THAT...
01:20:47
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A QUESTION. DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING SAID WE CAN PASS
01:20:50
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ALL THE LAWS WE WANT.
01:20:53
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WE STILL HAVE BIASES AND PREJUDICE. HOW WITH REEDUCATING THE HEART TO RECOGNIZE HUMANITY IN ALL PEOPLE? ERNIE GREEN, I'LL LET YOU HAVE THAT FINAL WORD....
01:21:10
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BACK THE COVER OF THE ACTIVITY THAT IS GOING ON AMONG THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR AT ADMINISTRATION, AND IT'S IMPORTANT FOR US TO TAKE THE STORY THAT DR....

NOTE: The transcript for this program was compiled from uncorrected Closed Captioning.

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