| 01:32:25 |
Grijalva, Raul - U.S. Representative, [D] Arizona
AT BLM. THAT IS GOOD NEW FOR OUR COMMITTEE, AS WELL. LET ME BEGIN WITH A COUPLE OF ISSUES. I UNDERSTAND THAT MMS IS DOING AN INVESTIGATION OF BP...
|
| 01:35:34 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
WELL, CONGRESSMAN GRIJUAVA, I DID LOOK INTO THE ALLEGATIONS WE HAVE MADE BY MR. ABBOTT. I DO NOT HAVE INFORMATION RELEVANT TO ALL THOSE FACTS, BUT I...
|
| 01:40:17 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
ENCAPSULATE THE ANSWER YOU'VE JUST GIVEN IN THE FORM OF A FORMAL RESPONSE AS A LETTER TO THE CHAIR OF THIS SUBCOMMITTEE RANKING MEMBER, AND I'LL BE...
|
| 01:40:51 |
Bilirakis, Gus Michael - U.S. Representative, [R] Florida
TO SIT IN TODAY. >> A RANKING MEMBER CASHED IN BIG FAVORS. NOT REALLY. I'M TEASING. >> AS A MEMBER FOR THE TAMPA BAY AREA, I'M ESPECIALLY INTERESTED...
|
| 01:41:56 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
AND DIRECTLY TO YOUR QUESTION. I REALLY DON'T KNOW. I DO KNOW THAT THE TECHNOLOGIES ARE VERY SIMILAR IN SHALLOW WATER AND DEEP WATER, EVEN THOUGH THE...
|
| 01:43:01 |
Kendall, Mary - Acting Inspector General
DETAIL. I'VE COME TO LEARN BASICALLY EVERYTHING I KNOW ABOUT DEEPWATER DRILLING IN THE LAST MONTH OR SO. THE REGS -- THEY DO HAVE REQUIREMENTS. WAY...
|
| 01:43:58 |
Rusco, Frank - Director
ABOUT A SYSTEMWIDE AND PERVASIVE PROBLEM IN KEEPING UP WITH TECHNOLOGIES IN OTHER AREAS THAT WE HAVE LOOKED. TO THE EXTENT THAT'S OCCURRING IN THIS...
|
| 01:44:20 |
Bilirakis, Gus Michael - U.S. Representative, [R] Florida
RESPONSE IN WRITING AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. THANK YOU. DURING THE COURSE OF THE SIX-MONTH MORATORIUM THE ADMINISTRATION HAS IMPOSE ON DEEPWATER DRILLING...
|
| 01:45:07 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
BE DETERMINED WHETHER OR NOT THE SPILL PLAN IS ADEQUATE TO COVER WHAT IS LACKING OR WHAT MIGHT OCCUR BASED UPON THE ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION OF WHAT...
|
| 01:46:18 |
Bilirakis, Gus Michael - U.S. Representative, [R] Florida
PLACE SUBSURFACE. CAN YOU PAINT A PICTURE HOW FLOW LINES, WELLHEADS, PIPELINES AND SAFETY SHUTDOWN SYSTEMS WORK, AND WHAT TYPE OF ENGINEERING REQUIRED...
|
| 01:47:01 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
TO ANSWER THE LAST PART OF YOUR QUESTION THAN THE FIRST. THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE DO HAVE CAPABLE ENGINEERS EMPLOYEES TO CONDUCT THE NECESSARY...
|
| 01:48:12 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
WE'LL RECOGNIZE YOU FOR FIVE MINUTES AND TRY TO GET MR. CASSIDY IN BEFORE WE RECESS AGAIN. IF YOU DON'T USE ALL YOUR TIME, YOU CAN DEFER IT TO MR. CASSIDY....
|
| 01:48:37 |
Gohmert, Louis "Louie" B. Jr. - U.S. Representative, [R] Texas
BACK TO AS SOON AS THE NEW DIRECTOR OF THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE ARRIVED MONDAY. I'M THE DIRECTOR OF THE MANAGEMENT AND THAT'S THE JOB I'LL...
|
| 01:49:44 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
UNIONS DO NEGOTIATE THE WORK ENVIRONMENT TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF A WORK ENVIRONMENT. I WOULD BE SURPRISED IF THAT MIGHT NOT BE PART OF THE CONTRACT...
|
| 01:54:22 |
Kendall, Mary - Acting Inspector General
CONGRESSMAN. MY RECOLLECTION WAS NOT THAT MS. BAKKA WAS ONE OF THE TWO PEOPLE INVOLVED, IT'S JUST NOT MY RECOLLECTION. I'D HAVE SO GO BACK AND LOOK AT...
|
| 01:54:46 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
MINUTES BEFORE THE VOTE IS CALLED. IT'S THE CHAIR'S INTENTION WHEN WE WIND UP WITH THIS QUESTION WE WILL RECESS ONCE AGAIN AND I WILL ADJOURN THIS...
|
| 01:55:21 |
Cassidy, William "Bill" M.D. - U.S. Representative, [R] Louisiana
GOING ALONG WITH THE RIG OPERATORS, NOT WITH THE LEASES AND THE LEASES FEEL THEY SHOULD BE LOOPED IN BECAUSE THEY'LL BE CAPTAIN OF THE SHIP AS WE...
|
| 01:55:50 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
TO NEW SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BEFORE ANY DRILLING OCCUR. >> NO, I WAS TOLD THEY HEARD THOSE, THEY ACCEPTED THEM. THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE ALREADY INDUSTRY...
|
| 01:58:24 |
Cassidy, William "Bill" M.D. - U.S. Representative, [R] Louisiana
KNOW CONTRACTORS WORKING FOR THE ARMY CORPS HAVE TO HAVE A DATA SET THAT THE CORPS CAN PLUG INTO LIKE SPOK USED TO DO IN SOMEBODY'S BRAIN AND IMMEDIATELY...
|
| 01:58:58 |
Rusco, Frank - Director
DO THAT. BUT IT IS NOT MOVING VERY QUICKLY. >> AND WHY IN THE HECK NOT? >> I DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER TO THAT FULLY, BUT I KNOW THAT THE BLM HAS DEVELOPED...
|
| 02:00:40 |
Abbey, Bob - Director
GOVERNMENT. FIRST AND FOREMOST WE'RE ASKING OUR INSPENLTHCTORS TO DO AN ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TASK. WE'RE ASKING THEM TO GO OUT AND INSPECT PRODUCTION...
|
| 02:01:22 |
Cassidy, William "Bill" M.D. - U.S. Representative, [R] Louisiana
MORE, I'M FRANKLY KIND OF NIHILISTIC THAT WE'RE EVER GOING TO BE ABLE TO COMPETE. SO WHENEVER WE HAVE SOMEBODY WITH SUCH BRILLIANCE IN ONE AREA, WHY...
|
| 02:01:48 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
AND OFFSHORE INSPECTION FEE, DO YOU THINK -- EXCUSE ME, DO YOU THINK IT WOULD BE AN IMPROVEMENT OVER THE CURRENT SITUATION? >> I'D LIKE TO ANSWER THAT....
|
| 02:02:09 |
Rusco, Frank - Director
WITH COORDINATION ACROSS THE INTERIOR'S OIL AND GAS PROGRAMS. IT GOES ACROSS BLM FIELD OFFICES, IT GOES ACROSS MMS OFFICES AND IT GOES BETWEEN MMS ...
|
| 02:02:57 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
YOU'VE BEEN PATIENT AND YOU'VE BEEN VERY GOOD ON ANSWERING OUR QUESTIONS. THOSE OF YOU IN THE AUDIENCE AND THOSE ON PANEL TWO AND THREE I'M GOING TO...
|
| 02:03:13 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
|
| 02:04:24 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
AND CONCLUDE THE HEARING WHEN THAT TAKES PLACE. MEMBERS THAT ARE HERE WILL BE RECOGNIZED UNDER THE SAME TERMS AS WE HOLD WITH THE PREVIOUS WITNESSES,...
|
| 02:10:44 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
THE BP OMBUDSMAN OVER A YEAR LATER, JUDGE STANLEY SPARKEN, THE OMBUDSMAN FOUND MY COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE LACK OF PROPER ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS WAS VALID....
|
| 02:11:26 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
SAFETY REGULATIONS FROM. WHAT I SAW, THAT CULTURE HAS NOT CHANGED, IS VERY SADDENING TO ME THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND MMS SEEM UPNWILLING...
|
| 02:18:12 |
Holt, Rush - U.S. Representative, [D] New Jersey
THAT'S ARE NECESSARY TO EITHER HOLD BRITISH PETROLEUM IN VIOLATION OR TO EITHER CLEAR THEM? >> I CAN'T ANSWER THAT, CONGRESSMAN. I DON'T HAVE ANY...
|
| 02:19:00 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
I THINK THE GENTLEMAN FROM NEW JERSEY IS NEXT. >> THANK YOU, MR. CHAIRMAN. AND AS CHAIRMAN I THINK YOU GET AS MANY ROUNDS OF QUESTIONING AS YOU WANT....
|
| 02:22:34 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
TAKE, GOING WITH YOUR THEME, IF YOU JUST TAKE -- ENGINEERING NORMALLY GOES THROUGH SEVERAL PROCESSES. YOU HAVE A PRELIMINARY DESIGN, IT'S APPROVED...
|
| 02:23:29 |
Holt, Rush - U.S. Representative, [D] New Jersey
WATER AND THAT'S BELOW AND THE POTENTIAL HAZARD RISKS THAT YOU'RE CONCERNED OF. >> RIGHT. THE SUB SEA INCLUDES THINGS LIKE THE RISERS, THE PIPING,...
|
| 02:25:19 |
Lummis, Cynthia - U.S. Representative, [R] Wyoming
JUST A VERY QUICK QUESTION SINCE MY TIME IS UP. HAVE ANY OTHER PEOPLE JOINED YOU IN THESE -- IN THESE REPORTS, OF MISSING DOCUMENTATION AND SO FORTH?...
|
| 02:25:35 |
Sarbanes, John P. - U.S. Representative, [D] Maryland
AT BP, A LONG-TIME BP EMPLOYEE GOT PROMOTED WHEN I CAME IN, HE WROTE A VERY DIRECT LETTER SAYING THERE ARE HUNDREDS, IF NOT THOUSANDS OF DRAWINGS THAT...
|
| 02:27:36 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
AND IF THEY'RE AS BUILT AND THAT'S THE REAL DANGER. AND IF THIS COMMITTEE COULD CHANGE ANYTHING, IT WOULD BE TO GET THEM TO DO THEIR JOB, TO INSPECT...
|
| 02:31:56 |
Markey, Edward J. - U.S. Representative, [D] Massachusetts
THAT FROM THAT POINT FORWARD YOU HAVE ELIMINATED THE POTENTIAL SHAL RISKS THAT EXIST? >> WELL, AS LONG AS YOU SHULT THE SHUT THE WELL IN PROPERLY...
|
| 02:32:53 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
FIVE MINUTES. >> THANK YOU, MR. CHAIRMAN, VERY MUCH. MR. ABBOTT, IN 2009, AN INDEPENDENT FIRM THAT BP HIRED TO SERVE AS ITS OMBUDSMAN HEADED BY FORMER...
|
| 02:38:54 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
WELL, SINCE AFTER A YEAR AND A HALF OF TRYING TO GET BOTH BP AND MMS TO INSPECT THIS THING AND CHECK THE DRAWINGS, I WOULD SAY THAT THE BEST SOLUTION...
|
| 02:39:07 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
TO GET -- TO PUT THE ONUS ON BP. ANYTHING CAN BE FIXED IF YOU SPENT ENOUGH TIME. BUT IT'S DANGEROUS AS IT IS AND IT NEEDS TO BE SHUT DOWN. >> THE GENTLEMAN'S...
|
| 02:48:54 |
Sarbanes, John P. - U.S. Representative, [D] Maryland
REGULATION ENFORCED, I THINK THAT Y'ALL WOULD'VE DONE A TREMENDOUS BENEFIT VALUE FOR THIS COUNTRY. I THINK THERE'S THINGS THAT COULD BE MADE BETTER IN...
|
| 02:49:05 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
EXPERT IN THAT AND I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO IT. I THINK THE REGULATORS NEED TO REGULATE, AND THE OIL COMPANIES NEED TO KNOW THAT IN THE END THERE ARE...
|
| 02:52:45 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
SAME KIND OF INSPECTIONS AND NOT CHECKING THE DRAWINGS. I THINK IT'S INCUMBENT, MY RECOMMENDATION WOULD BE TO SEE, YOU KNOW, THAT THESE INSPECTIONS...
|
| 02:54:10 |
Abbott, Kenneth - Project Director
AND WATER OF UNDER 500 FEET OR LESS. BECAUSE I KNOW WE TALK A LOT ABOUT IT TODAY AND WE TALK ABOUT IN ALL OF THE OTHER HEARINGS. BUT THE MORATORIUM...
|
| 02:55:49 |
Lummis, Cynthia - U.S. Representative, [R] Wyoming
THAT SHOW. THAT TREE REPLACES. >> RIGHT AND IT SITS ON THE OCEAN FLOOR? >> EXACTLY. >> SO WERE YOU CONFIDENT THAT THOSE SAFETY ASPECTS ON THE ATLANTIS...
|
| 02:57:12 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
SMALL, MEDIUM, OR LARGE IS NOT AN INDICATOR OF WHO MAY BE THE SAFEST OR THE MOST RELIABLE OR THE MOST RESPONSIBLE. BUT, IN FACT, YOU REALLY HAVE TO...
|
| 02:58:48 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
INVOLVES A COMBINATION OF VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES. MR. CHRISTOPHER MANN, MR. ALLEN SPECMAN VICE PRESIDENT OF THE OFFSHORE TECHNICAL AND REGULATORY AFFAIRS...
|
| 03:00:40 |
Mann, Christopher - Senior Officer
I VERY MUCH APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY TO SHARE THE VIEWS OF THE ENVIRONMENT GROUP. ON THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICES REGULATION OF OFFSHORE ENERGY...
|
| 03:07:00 |
Spackman, Alan - Vice President
THE RESTRUCTURING EFFORT. WHILE IADC DOES SUPPORT MANY OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY SECRETARY SALAZAR IN HIS 27 MAY REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT. ONE...
|
| 03:12:10 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
PERIOD. I'LL WANT TO GET BACK TO YOU ON SOME OF THOSE SLIDES. SO WHOEVER'S DOING THOSE WILL -- WE MAY WANT TO COME BACK TO THEM. EXPLORE A LITTLE MORE...
|
| 03:12:39 |
Milito, Erik - Director
SUBCOMMITTEE TO ADDRESS THE REGULATION OF OFFSHORE OIL GAS AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY. I'M THE DIRECTOR. API HAS ABOUT 400 MEMBER COMPANIES THAT REPRESENT...
|
| 03:18:10 |
Brian, Danielle - Executive Director
CHAIRMAN. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR INVITING ME TO TESTIFY TODAY. I WANT TO COMPLIMENT THE COMMITTEE FOR HAVING STRUCTURING THE HEARING. THAT'S A REALLY...
|
| 03:24:56 |
Maley, Steve - Operations Manager
MEMBERS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE. I'M STEVE MELE, THE OPERATOR -- >> I'M SORRY. >> THAT'S ALL RIGHT. >> OPERATIONS MANAGER FOR BADGER OIL IN LAFAYETTE. ...
|
| 03:33:11 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
YOUR FIVE-MINUTE TESTIMONY IN 7 MINUTES AND 40 SECONDS. SO THE CHAIR OBVIOUSLY IS IN A GOOD MOOD THIS AFTERNOON. >> THANK YOU. >> MR. MANN, YOU MENTIONED...
|
| 03:34:44 |
Mann, Christopher - Senior Officer
THAT WE CERTAINLY CAN IMPROVE THE TECHNOLOGY. YOU KNOW, I THINK THE INVESTMENT IN SPILL RESPONSE REMOVAL AND RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY IS JUST, OF COURSE,...
|
| 03:38:31 |
Spackman, Alan - Vice President
PERSPECTIVE, THERE HAS NOT BEEN AN UNDERESTIMATION OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF A BLOWOUT. IT'S SOMETHING THAT THE CONTRACTOR LIVES WITH EVERY DAY. AND IS CERTAINLY...
|
| 03:38:57 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
POLICY -- I MEAN UNDER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. I'VE BEEN OUT THERE, SOME COMPANIES INDICATE THAT ONE PERSON ON A RIG SAYS, HEY, LET'S SHUT HER DOWN....
|
| 03:39:39 |
Spackman, Alan - Vice President
AT LEAST THOSE THAT ARE PARTICIPATING IN OUR HSE CONFERENCES IN THE CONFERENCES THAT SPE CONDUCTS. INDICATE THAT IN THEIR BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY PROGRAMS,...
|
| 03:40:36 |
Milito, Erik - Director
PRACTICES -- >> BUT IN TERMS OF THE INDUSTRY'S -- POSITION AND PERSPECTIVE ON WHETHER OR NOT SAFETY IS BEING TAKEN FOR GRANTED, I DON'T BELIEVE THAT...
|
| 03:40:52 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
LATER, THAT'S NOT THE CASE. BUT JUST AS WE LAUNCH A LOT OF SHUTTLES, A CULTURE OF COMPLACENCY? OVERCONFIDENCE IN SYSTEMS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO CREATE...
|
| 03:41:12 |
Milito, Erik - Director
LOOK AT THE RECORD IN THE GULF OVER 16 BILLION BARRELS BEEN PRODUCED AND LESS THAN 1/1000, ALSO OVER 2,000 IN DEEP WATER. THIS IS AN UNPRECEDENTED...
|
| 03:44:06 |
Lummis, Cynthia - U.S. Representative, [R] Wyoming
EXPERIENCE HAD DIRECT CONTACT WITH MMS REGULATORS? >> YES. >> COULD YOU TELL ME YOUR GENERAL REACTION TO THEIR QUALIFICATIONS, THEIR TRAINING, THEIR...
|
| 03:44:24 |
Maley, Steve - Operations Manager
WITH ENGINEERS AT THE DISTRICT AND REGION LEVEL, I HAVEN'T DEALT MUCH WITH THE INSPECTORS. I'D SAY IN GENERAL, THEY'RE CONFIDENT, QUALIFIED, DEDICATED...
|
| 03:45:25 |
Brian, Danielle - Executive Director
WE CALL THAT THE RISK REVOLVING DOOR, AND WE THINK THAT'S A VERY IMPORTANT PART OF ANY REFORMS WOULD BE TO ENSURE THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT MAKING SURE...
|
| 03:50:09 |
Cassidy, William "Bill" M.D. - U.S. Representative, [R] Louisiana
TO HAVE YOU BACK ON BOARD. >> MR. MANN, ARE YOU AGAINST ALL OFFSHORE DRILLING, EVEN THE NEAR SHORE NON-DEEP WATER DRILLING THAT MR. MANN SPEAKS OF? >>...
|
| 03:51:48 |
Spackman, Alan - Vice President
ON THE ENGINEERING ASPECTS THAN THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS. I MEAN, WE ARE CERTAINLY SENSITIVE TO THE ECONOMIC PART. >> FROM LOUISIANA, YOU DON'T NEED A...
|
| 03:54:44 |
Brian, Danielle - Executive Director
AFTER THE CARTOON CHARACTER? >> IT WAS IN OUR MIND WHEN WE CAME UP WITH THE ACRONYM. >> I THOUGHT THAT. >> GLAD YOU ENJOYED THAT. >> BY
|
| 03:54:55 |
Cassidy, William "Bill" M.D. - U.S. Representative, [R] Louisiana
THE WAY, I APPLAUD YOUR JUST STATEMENTS REGARDING TRANSPARENCY. I THINK THAT WAS WONDERFUL. MR. MALEY, WE HAVE A PROBLEM WITH THE IMPACT OF JOBS IN LOUISIANA....
|
| 03:55:19 |
Maley, Steve - Operations Manager
BE LOST, MAYBE NOT? >> I THINK THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TRANSIENT IMPACT AND A PERMANENT IMPACT, FROM DAY ONE OF THE SPILL, I'VE SEEN JOURNALISTS...
|
| 03:57:01 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
TO THE ACTING -- OR THE INTERIM DIRECTOR, WHATEVER HIS TITLE IS, AS TO THE CONFUSION THAT EXISTED WITH REGARD TO THE MORATORIUM ON WELLS OF 500 FEET...
|
| 03:58:21 |
Maley, Steve - Operations Manager
WAS A LOT OF THINGS THAT DEALT STRICTLY WITH SUB BOPs AND 500-PLUS FEET OF WATER AND REQUIREMENTS ON THOSE AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS ON ALL OPERATORS --...
|
| 04:00:02 |
Brian, Danielle - Executive Director
CLEAR THAT THE COMMITTEE THAT STUDIED THE LINO'S COMMISSION WORK IN THE DRAFTING WAS CLEAR BECAUSE MUCH OF WHAT WAS RECOMMENDED WAS INCORPORATED IN...
|
| 04:00:51 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
ON THE REVOLVING DOOR THING, CLEARLY ONE OF THE OUTCOMES IS TO PAY PEOPLE AN PROEMT SUMAPPROPRIATE SUM OF MONEY SO THEY COULD DO THAT. OBVIOUSLY, A PERSON...
|
| 04:02:16 |
Spackman, Alan - Vice President
IN THESE COUNTRIES ARE DIFFERENT THAN THEY ARE IN THE UNITED STATES FOR A LARGE PART. IN NORWAY, FOR EXAMPLE, THERE IS A MUCH DIFFERENT VIEW OF THE ROLE...
|
| 04:08:36 |
Milito, Erik - Director
THIS INCIDENT, THAT WE HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO, AND WE'RE DOING THAT RIGHT NOW. WE'VE ALREADY TAKEN STEPS. SDPLZ SDPLZ >> YOU MADE A COMMENT IN YOUR TESTIMONY...
|
| 04:08:52 |
Costa, Jim - U.S. Representative, [D] California
HAS A RISK. >> THE GOAL IS ZERO FATALITIES. >> EVERY TIME WE GET IN OUR CAR IN THE MORNING AND BACK OUT OF THE DRIVEWAY, THERE IS NO ZERO RISK YOU'RE...
|
| 04:09:31 |
Milito, Erik - Director
ARE BEING LEARNED, AND IT'S ALREADY STARTED WITH DISCUSSIONS AMONG THE INDUSTRY EXPERTS ON WHAT IS BEING DONE ACROSS THE BOARD. >> SO INTERNALLY WHAT'S...
|
NOTE: The transcript for this program was compiled from uncorrected Closed Captioning.