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00:00:3021 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

General Norman Schwarzkopf, author of "It Doesn't Take A Hero," buried in your book is the following sentence: "Almost every general in Desert Shield...

00:00:5153 sec.
NORMAN SCHWARZKOPF, AUTHOR, "IT DOESN'T TAKE A HERO"

Oh, it had probably more impact than any other experience I had in my entire military career. Many of the decisions that I made in Desert Storm and...

00:01:443 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You were there twice; once as an adviser to the South Vietnamese in 1965?

00:01:472 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Right, 1964-65.

00:01:491 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Back then again in . . .?

00:01:502 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

In 1969 and '70.

00:01:521 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

As a battalion commander.

00:01:537 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. I spent five miserable months at the Long Binh headquarters and then from there seven months as a battalion commander.

00:02:005 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Go back to your first trip there, 1964-65. How did you get there?

00:02:051 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I was at West Point. I was an instructor. I had been at the University of Southern California for two years, gotten a masters degree and obliged to...

00:03:102 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

What was your rank?

00:03:124 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I was a captain when I got there. I got promoted to major about a month and a half after I'd been there.

00:03:162 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

The first time you got into battle?

00:03:1837 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I didn't know what was going on. Nothing you've ever had before or had been taught before really totally prepares you for it, and yet you're very well...

00:03:554 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

How many Americans were there when you first went in '65?

00:03:591 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I'm trying to remember. I want to say there was like 20-, 25-or 30,000 or something like that. It was a very, very small number that were there when...

00:05:2518 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You write in your book about "the most heroic act I've ever seen," and you'll have to help me with the pronunciations. It was Lt. Earl S. Van Eiwegian....

00:05:436 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I don't know, and I have never ever talked to Van Eiwegian about that after it happened.

00:05:49
Lamb, Brian - Host

What did he do?

00:05:4943 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, we were surrounded at Du Cho. We had gone into Du Cho to supposedly relieve a special forces camp, right on the Cambodian border, from a couple...

00:06:321 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

There was a high ridge between us and Pleiku. There was an air base there, and as the story was told to me, Van Eiwegian was sitting in a bar, and people...

00:07:5338 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Once we had all the people loaded, he lifted up the ramp and took off. He had to fly across the same ridge on the way out, and the same thing happened...

00:08:313 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Was he moving South Vietnamese out?

00:08:349 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes, these were South Vietnamese Airborne. There was not a single U.S. wounded on that airplane. This was South Vietnamese troops that were wounded...

00:08:4310 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

I know you went there twice, and this may have been on your second visit, but you talk about how you heard people refer to the South Vietnamese as gooks...

00:08:531 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Sure it did.

00:08:541 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Why?

00:08:5541 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, that's a pejorative term. It's a term of prejudice. It's a term that tends to paint everybody with the same negative brush. I've got to tell you...

00:09:3636 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

That's what they were fighting for. It wasn't to support a "corrupt regime" in Saigon that they were fighting. That's not what these people were there...

00:10:121 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Col. Trung?

00:10:1350 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. Amazing man. Absolutely one of the best combat leaders I have ever seen anywhere and certainly the most intuitive I've ever seen. He was almost...

00:11:031 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Have you ever seen him since then?

00:11:0420 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

No, I have not. He went on to be a four-star general. As a matter of fact, he commanded the Fourth Corps, which was the Mekong Delta area of Vietnam,...

00:11:241 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You were wounded that first trip?

00:11:2533 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Wounded the first trip on Valentine's Day. We called it jokingly after the fact -- it's sort of a sick joke -- but we called it the St. Valentine's...

00:11:5848 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

They drove up the armored personnel carriers, and they opened from the top. They're designed for American troops to stand in them with their heads sticking...

00:12:4654 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I said, "Has someone cleared that tree line over there?" "Yes, somebody has cleared that tree line." Well, we got up here, looking at that village,...

00:13:407 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Another Vietnam story I remember was the one when you had to throw yourself on top of a soldier. What was that?

00:13:471 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

That was my second tour over there when I was a battalion commander. We were in a terrible area called the Batangan Peninsula, just north of Quang Ngai...

00:15:2749 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

It was obviously a compound fracture, and I was afraid that he was going to cut an artery and kill himself. I told someone this once, and it really...

00:16:161 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I honestly remember walking. Each step I would take I'd be checking the ground first, and I'd put my foot down and my knees -- you know, you hear about...

00:17:1844 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I turned around to my artillery liaison officer who had come in with me, Tom Bratton, and I said, "Bratton, cut a limb. There's a limb on that bush....

00:18:029 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

When you read the book, though, in the next couple of lines you say that three guys said, "Major, we'll never forget what you did for the brother."

00:18:112 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes, that was back at the hospital.

00:18:134 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You told that story and left it to the end on purpose because . . .?

00:18:1733 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, because the troop that I was over lying on was a black soldier. I'd gone back to the hospital because I was wounded. They'd finally taken me back...

00:18:5049 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

One of the troops I wanted to check on was this kid to see that he was doing all right. I walked out, and there were three black soldiers there who...

00:19:392 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Didn't you run into Bratton later on in the hospital?

00:19:4110 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes, I did. Bratton lives in the local area here, out in Maryland. But when I went into the hospital to have spinal surgery . . .

00:19:511 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

What year was that?

00:19:521 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

This was 1971. 1969 and '70 was when I was over there. In 1971, a year later, I went into Walter Reed to have spinal surgery. I went into Ward No. 1...

00:21:0427 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Before we leave Vietnam -- we could talk about this, obviously, for a couple of hours but there are so many other things to talk about -- on page 118...

00:21:3141 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

That's right, yes. The first time I met him he was just an unknown reporter at the time. He came in, he heard about this battle that was going on, he...

00:22:1259 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

We went out, and the helicopter pilot called and said, "I can't see you." Of course, he had his lights off and we had our lights off. The helicopter...

00:23:1118 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

I've heard you talk about the difference in the numbers of press people in Vietnam vs. in Desert Storm. What did you learn, and other colleagues of...

00:23:291 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, I dealt with the press on a different level in Vietnam than I did in Grenada and in the desert war. I will confess to you that I'm one of those...

00:24:473 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

After the . . .

00:24:5036 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. The military was going to go in, do its thing, not announce it to the press for obvious reasons because we wanted to protect the element of surprise....

00:25:2657 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

There was no way to protect anybody if we'd introduced the press and that sort of thing, and so Adm. Metcalf, the task force commander, made a decision,...

00:26:2316 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Let me go back to Vietnam, because, as you know, any press person could hitch a ride on any helicopter to go out to a battle. Did you ever sit around...

00:26:3935 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

No, not quite that. I would tell you, frankly, because of some of the experiences I had, towards the end of the Vietnam War I wouldn't let the press...

00:27:141 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

You're going to rescue that person just like you are anybody else, so for them to say sort of facetiously, "Oh, I'm no problem to you. Don't worry about...

00:28:173 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Let me ask you about that story about ARAMCO and the dancing girls.

00:28:2050 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. It's a classic example. When I first got to Saudi Arabia it was obvious that King Fahd had made a very courageous decision because, number one,...

00:29:1039 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

So the Saudis were quite nervous about cultural problems that could occur. One of the first things I was hit with when I got over there is, "You're...

00:29:493 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

The Saudi Arabian general.

00:29:5249 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. He said, "I've got to talk to you right away. The king is furious! You brought dancing girls into the community." So I immediately called my staff,...

00:30:4154 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I said, "I don't even know what you're talking about. What are you talking about?" He said, "Well, every half hour it's playing on CNN, and the first...

00:31:352 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You didn't have CNN to see in Saudi?

00:31:379 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

No. At that time we did not have a CNN hookup. We didn't have anything but local Saudi TV. That's all we had in-country. To make a long story short,...

00:31:462 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

This was in November or October?

00:31:4852 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

No, this was September. This was right when we got there. It may have even been August. It turned out that ARAMCO, Arabian-American Oil Company, had...

00:32:401 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Of course, what they were showing is from the thighs down of these girls who were apparently doing the bumps and grinds or something like that, and,...

00:33:449 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

This book has almost 600 pages in it. How did you write it? It says on the cover, "Written by Peter Petre." Who is he?

00:33:5349 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Peter Petre is an editor with Fortune magazine who wrote "Father, Son and Company" with Tom Watson, the former CEO of IBM. Peter had been through the...

00:34:421 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Peter would then go back and review those tapes, come back the next morning, ask me a lot of questions to clarify my narration and also to translate...

00:35:591 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Where did Peter hang out?

00:36:0044 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Florida. Peter moved down to Florida, lived right in the same complex that I lived in, came into my house at 8:30 in the morning. We would work many...

00:36:441 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Did the Pentagon have review?

00:36:4528 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

No, they didn't have to. The law says that once I'm retired from active duty I don't have to submit it to the Pentagon for review unless I use classified...

00:37:1356 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

But the best thing I had, the most important thing I had was this: In any other war I've ever fought, most of the instructions are sent by message back...

00:38:092 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Where are those 3,000 pages?

00:38:112 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, they're mine. They're my private property.

00:38:131 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

What are you going to do with them?

00:38:1420 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I'm probably going to donate them to the Library of Congress, donate them to the National War College archives, Army War College archives or something...

00:38:345 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

What are you going to do with those hundreds of hours of tapes that you dictated?

00:38:393 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I've got them all sitting at home.

00:38:421 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Are you going to donate those, too?

00:38:4348 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. I'm going to put it all in one package. A lot of people have come to me for my papers. I'm going to tell you something -- five years ago I didn't...

00:39:3156 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

You find out you accumulate a whole bunch of stuff. You send messages to the general, back channels and that sort of thing, that when you finally leave...

00:40:2713 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You start off your book by saying you wanted to copy the U. S. Grant memoirs, a two-volume set. Then you say that yours turned out to be a lot more...

00:40:4039 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, I'll tell you why. First of all, Grant's an interesting character. Grant refused to write his memoirs for years and years and years. He was asked...

00:41:191 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Why did you like him?

00:41:204 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Because he was a dirty-boot soldier.

00:41:242 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

When was he a soldier?

00:41:2645 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Oh, gracious, he was a soldier long before he was known to the American people as the leader of the Union Army. He was out doing great things. Grant...

00:42:1135 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Somebody in the White House said to him, "Well, you know Grant's just nothing but a drunk," and Lincoln said, "Well, find out what brand of whiskey...

00:42:4621 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

You say that back in, I think it was, December when [Defense] Secretary Cheney came to visit you all before the battle started in February that he brought...

00:43:07
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I don't know whether all of them did.

00:43:078 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Maybe not every one of them, but around your own group. Why did you watch the PBS Civil War series, and what impact did it have on your thinking?

00:43:1538 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

To be honest with you, I'd heard about it back in the States. I'd heard about what a wonderful series it was, and the first time I started watching...

00:43:5344 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

What that did was allow them to kick back on Thursday night, go out, have dinner, sleep in on Friday morning, and then we'd come to work at noon. That...

00:44:3741 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

To me it took on almost a real-life dimension. When they were reading the words of Sherman, when they were reading the words of Grant, when they were...

00:45:184 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Do you think it had any impact on any decision you might have made?

00:45:2231 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. Not directly, but it certainly attuned my brain to once again the horrors of war, once again the fact that this is a human life that you're dealing...

00:45:537 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Another thing that you say in the book had some impact on you was seeing the Broadway show "Ben Franklin in Paris." Why?

00:46:001 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

That was before I went to my first tour of Vietnam. I had volunteered to go to Vietnam. It was an advisory effort. It wasn't leading U.S. combat troops....

00:47:188 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

There's another point where you talk about some of the civilians back here in Washington seeing too many Rambo movies. What was that reference?

00:47:2624 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Obviously that was tongue-in-cheek, but there was an element that was, I felt, pressuring from the very first day for us to take precipitous action...

00:47:504 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Gen. George McClellan from the Civil War?

00:47:5412 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. Because they had seen this Civil War series where McClellan sits outside the gates of Richmond with a vastly superior force and still won't attack...

00:48:061 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Who is "they?"

00:48:079 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I don't know, and honestly I mean it. Everybody comes after me and says, "Name names." Do you know why I don't know the names? Because Colin Powell...

00:48:162 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

But they're the civilians around the president?

00:48:1847 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Yes. Some civilians within the White House around the president, people in the National Security Council. I don't know if they're back-bench aides that...

00:49:0533 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

So I said to Colin, "Who is the S.O.B. that said that? I'd like to know. I'll call him up on the telephone and tell him exactly why," and Colin had...

00:49:387 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

I think it was your daughter that said to you on the phone in the middle of all this, "Norman Schwarzkopf, if you die I'll never speak to you again."

00:49:451 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

That was my wife.

00:49:468 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

What was that story? A lot of this book is behind the scenes, your personal relationship with your family while this thing is going on.

00:49:5444 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

The night the war was supposed to start -- we needed 48 hours, my commanders and I, to get everything rolling, to get the airplanes in the air, to get...

00:50:381 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

See, by this time we'd heard all the stuff about chemical missiles, and we didn't know if they were going to fire chemical missiles on Riyadh and we...

00:51:4626 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

About three weeks later I called up one night on the phone, and Brenda was in tears. I said, "Oh, my God, Brenda, what's wrong?" I thought something...

00:52:127 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Is there anything that you regret putting in this book now that it's out, that you wish you'd pulled back.

00:52:1953 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

I don't think so. Unfortunately with a book like this, people are always going to go in and pull something out of context, and in this case they pulled...

00:53:1247 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

What it's got to show is that it is a tortuous process coming up with the decisions that involve the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. It's...

00:53:5918 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

We've got just a short time left, and I don't mean to keep jumping back and forth, but I want to end it with what you found when you were in Vietnam...

00:54:1716 sec.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

The South Vietnamese captured this thing, showed it to one of my American advisers and said, "Let me tell you what this says," and my American adviser...

00:54:3327 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

This is from Ho Chi Minh, and it says, "I know you're facing more and more Americans right now, but don't worry. We're going to win the war against...

00:55:00
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

No.

00:55:002 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Was it back in your head all the time?

00:55:021 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Well, sure it was in the back of my head. It was in the back of my head in Grenada. The one thing I thought about the night before we went in is, my...

00:56:039 sec.
Lamb, Brian - Host

Here's what the book looks like. "It Doesn't Take A Hero" is the title. Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, the author, thank you for joining us.

00:56:121 min.
Schwarzkopf, H. Norman - Commander in Chief

Thank you very much. I enjoyed being here.

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