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00:01:0713 sec.
BRIAN LAMB, HOST

Roger Gittines, writer, helper, collaborator with the late John Tower for his book "Consequences", what was the experience like for you?

00:01:201 min.
ROGER GITTINES

Well, it was lots of fun, first and foremost. It was very revealing and in some ways shocking. I spent nearly 20 years as a Washington reporter, and...

00:02:335 sec.
LAMB

When did you first hear that he might have been on that airplane that went down?

00:02:3826 sec.
GITTINES

Well, Brian, unfortunately, I was due to go down to Georgia to meet with the senator on Saturday morning. There was a book party to celebrate the publication...

00:03:042 sec.
LAMB

What was the impact on you?

00:03:0615 sec.
GITTINES

It could have been one of these situations where I could have been on board the plane with him because my business trip could very easily have left...

00:03:216 sec.
LAMB

How did you first get into this, and what role did you play in the book?

00:03:271 min.
GITTINES

John Tower use to introduce me as "Roger Gittines, my writer." I would say, "Well, no, Senator, you're the writer. I'm just the typist. I'll just take...

00:04:302 sec.
LAMB

Where did he find you?

00:04:3234 sec.
GITTINES

In a way, it's a long story. We share literary agents, and John Tower had another literary collaborator at the early stages of this project. She dropped...

00:05:064 sec.
LAMB

How did it work from there? Did you have to go and meet the senator?

00:05:1059 sec.
GITTINES

I did, I went down to Texas. He had an office both in Washington and Dallas. I spent nearly three hours with him in his Dallas office having a one-on-one...

00:06:092 sec.
LAMB

You said that you had your own book?

00:06:111 min.
GITTINES

Well, I've collaborated on several different projects. I had just finished one with Bob Berkowitz, a former "Today" show correspondent published by...

00:07:153 sec.
LAMB

How did you first get into the collaboration business?

00:07:1855 sec.
GITTINES

Well, basically -- I probably shouldn't say this because every Washington reporter in town will climb the wall. I've always thought that in some ways...

00:08:132 sec.
LAMB

What's the first book you collaborated on?

00:08:152 sec.
GITTINES

The first book was the Bob Berkowitz book.

00:08:171 sec.
LAMB

This was the second one?

00:08:1817 sec.
GITTINES

This was the second. I'm now working on one. It's provisionally titled All the Right Moves, by a California therapist by the name of Peter Guske. He's...

00:08:355 sec.
LAMB

What do you think of this -- not this book, but the idea of collaborating? Do you like it?

00:08:4042 sec.
GITTINES

I do. I like it a lot. You know, writing, as it has been said ad nauseam, is an intensely lonely occupation. When you collaborate with someone else,...

00:09:2210 sec.
LAMB

Before we get into the John Tower experience, go back to the beginning. You referred to me earlier. We worked together at UPI back in '69.

00:09:321 sec.
GITTINES

Back in the Ice Age.

00:09:333 sec.
LAMB

Yes. When did you first get into this business of reporting?

00:09:361 min.
GITTINES

I started right when I was at American University. I came to Washington to study political science and immediately picked up a job at WAVA, which was...

00:10:402 sec.
LAMB

The book is called Consequences. Where did it get its title?

00:10:4238 sec.
GITTINES

It was suggested at a kind of a typical literary luncheon between John Tower, his agent and Fredi Friedman, who was the senator's editor at Little Brown....

00:11:2010 sec.
LAMB

Is there enough money in a book like this to pay for literary agents and collaborators and the named author?

00:11:3016 sec.
GITTINES

I believe so. Believe it or not, I never asked the senator what he was paid for an advance on this book. I just figured it was none of my business,...

00:11:461 sec.
LAMB

So he hired you?

00:11:4710 sec.
GITTINES

Essentially, yes. I mean, when he gets an advance, that's designed to cover any kind of research or writer that would be necessary to complete the project.

00:11:571 sec.
LAMB

Did he give you a time frame?

00:11:581 min.
GITTINES

We had a deadline. When I started on the project in October of 1989, we were to deliver in April of 1990, deliver the manuscript, which was an impossible...

00:13:234 sec.
LAMB

Did he give you a budget that you could use for travel and things like that?

00:13:2731 sec.
GITTINES

Essentially, it was whatever you need, spend it. Tell me what you're going to do and go do it. It worked very well. I could go to California, go to...

00:13:5819 sec.
LAMB

On the cover, as we showed earlier, your name is not there. On some of these books when there is a collaborator you see like John Tower with Roger Gittines,...

00:14:1756 sec.
GITTINES

We did discuss it. Almost at the outset of the discussion, this three-hour meeting that I related to you in Dallas, I said to him, "Well, Senator, this...

00:15:1330 sec.
LAMB

In the acknowledgements that opens the book up, you say, "Once amassed, these recollections must be distilled and knit into a cohesive narrative. That...

00:15:4322 sec.
GITTINES

No, I didn't, as a matter of fact. The acknowledgements were written by Sen. Tower and almost the entire afterward of the book was written word for...

00:16:0516 sec.
LAMB

"She forgave my transgressions and was always constant. She raised our children and made my career possible and in the hour of my travail, she held...

00:16:212 sec.
GITTINES

Very nice.

00:16:234 sec.
LAMB

Controversial that he would do that? I mean, what led to that? Did you talk about it?

00:16:2738 sec.
GITTINES

We did, but he called me one Saturday afternoon toward the end of the writing process and read that to me. I was really moved by it. He was still quite...

00:17:0518 sec.
LAMB

Let's see. If I can go back to where we were. I wanted to read you the opening line of this. "This is not the book I originally intended to write."...

00:17:2348 sec.
GITTINES

He had material for three or four books, and he had attempted right after leaving the Senate to do a serious study of the relationship between the executive...

00:18:114 sec.
LAMB

Go back to what you said earlier. You went to see the senator in Texas? What city?

00:18:158 sec.
GITTINES

In Dallas, he had an office off of Turtle Creek Boulevard there where he practiced his consulting business.

00:18:236 sec.
LAMB

And you said that you were apprehensive when you went to see him because you didn't think you'd believe him?

00:18:291 min.
GITTINES

Well, no. I had lived through the confirmation hearings, as we all did, and I had formed some conclusions about what happened and what didn't. I thought...

00:20:023 sec.
LAMB

The three-hour meeting, at the end of it what happened?

00:20:0548 sec.
GITTINES

At the end of it I basically gave him a stack of magazines, World Opinion magazine. I had been their U.S. political correspondent. He was leaving for...

00:20:532 sec.
LAMB

When did he call you?

00:20:5538 sec.
GITTINES

It was about a week later. He had talked to the agent and told our agent that she had sent him the right guy. I think coming from Washington, having...

00:21:331 sec.
LAMB

What next?

00:21:343 sec.
GITTINES

Well, as I say, I'm finishing this book.

00:21:379 sec.
LAMB

Oh, I'm sorry. I meant what next in that process? He hired you on and then when you got started, how did you two relate?

00:21:4657 sec.
GITTINES

What we did is whenever he would come into Washington, which was basically every three weeks, maybe every two weeks, we would spend the afternoon together...

00:22:434 sec.
LAMB

How many times did you sit down with him with a tape recorder?

00:22:4731 sec.
GITTINES

I would say 30 times, 25 to 30 times, in restaurants, in hotel rooms, in his office in Dallas and in Washington, several times over the phone. He often...

00:23:1817 sec.
LAMB

As a reporter at heart and you were going through 30 sessions with a United State senator who had been involved in this whole episode, how often did...

00:23:351 min.
GITTINES

The juice was really flowing most of the time because getting such an insider's perspective on this man's career and on the political process was something...

00:24:363 sec.
LAMB

Did you believe everything he told you?

00:24:391 min.
GITTINES

I did, and I would often use that as the senator's Achilles heel in writing this book because he was such a historian and political scientist and proud...

00:25:403 sec.
LAMB

Is there anything that was left out that you wanted in?

00:25:4334 sec.
GITTINES

No, on the whole, it was John Tower's call. The things that got cut many times were just a matter of redundancies and space. He felt at one point that...

00:26:1732 sec.
LAMB

I've got a lot of that underlined that you wrote in this book. Page 80, "John" _meaning John Warner "suffers from a debilitating political weakness....

00:26:4937 sec.
GITTINES

I think John Tower saw it as one of the keys to understanding the confirmation process and why things went wrong at the end. He felt that Sen. Warner...

00:27:2616 sec.
LAMB

Did Sen. Tower's death affect you other than -- obviously you knew him well. But did it affect your whole plan of living? All of a sudden when you read...

00:27:4246 sec.
GITTINES

I think it came as a real personal shock because he and I had become very close friends. As a friend of his at his funeral said to me and I heard what...

00:28:2815 sec.
LAMB

Back to the substance of the book, the other person that he spends a lot of time talking about is right here and we'll see him up closer in just a moment,...

00:28:431 min.
GITTINES

Basically Sen. Tower and I went over the Sam Nunn fingerprints on the confirmation process very closely, and we tried to figure out what Sam Nunn's...

00:29:5342 sec.
LAMB

A lot of other things were said, but "Nunn's early interest in defense seemed to stem more from family ties and Georgia politics than it did from intellectual...

00:30:351 min.
GITTINES

At that point he wasn't really fond of Sam Nunn. That bridge had been burned, and he didn't mind lighting a few matches there. One of the things that...

00:31:3843 sec.
LAMB

One of the first things that we saw published in the newspapers about this book was about Sen. Jim Exon of Nebraska. You say here, or you write Sen....

00:32:2156 sec.
GITTINES

No, not to make headlines at all. I think Sen. Tower was extremely angry with Sen. Exon for what he considered to be this unfair attack on him. If you...

00:33:173 sec.
LAMB

What was the reaction from Sen. Exon?

00:33:2019 sec.
GITTINES

Never had, as far as I know, a direct reaction from Exon. Sen. Tower went out and campaigned during the last senatorial election in Nebraska and said...

00:33:3926 sec.
LAMB

Next page: "The group in my office laugh when I mimicked Shelby's Alabama drawl" -- meaning Sen. [Richard C.] Shelby -- "and repeated the comment he...

00:34:0542 sec.
GITTINES

I think what he wanted to do -- he was very fond of Meg Greenfield's editorial that she wrote soon after the senator's nomination was defeated. She...

00:34:4712 sec.
LAMB

There's a lot in here about the press and it might take a little while to go through some of it, but I want to read some of it and get your reaction....

00:34:5917 sec.
GITTINES

Yes, I do. In fact, I think writing a book like that is just another branch of being a reporter. You're reporting the news about John Tower or you're...

00:35:164 sec.
LAMB

In order to write this did you have to agree with everything that he said?

00:35:201 sec.
GITTINES

Oh, no, not at all.

00:35:2126 sec.
LAMB

Here he says on Page 48, "It would have been an exercise in self-delusion to expect the press to have forgotten all about marital misconduct, alcohol...

00:35:474 sec.
GITTINES

Oh, I certainly do, and you probably do too, Brian, being an old reporter.

00:35:5119 sec.
LAMB

"It is a macho thing, although the women are also deadly serious. And broadcasters, possessed of a residue of insecurity from the days when the print...

00:36:1022 sec.
GITTINES

I was indeed, and it certainly is true. There still to this day is a lingering sense of inferiority. Broadcasters try to prove themselves and the print...

00:36:3228 sec.
LAMB

You wrote for Sen. Tower, "The network correspondents show up early to claim the best seats near the front where they can't help but be called on for...

00:37:0032 sec.
GITTINES

No, Sen. Tower observed it, and if you go and read the rest of that chapter, you'll see that it leads right into the news conference in which his nomination...

00:37:3223 sec.
LAMB

Page 50: "Salacious gossip about Andrea Mitchell's private life had swirled through Washington during one of those low points in the Reagan administration....

00:37:5532 sec.
GITTINES

No, I think what it does is it brings Andrea Mitchell into the spotlight in a significant way -- that Andrea Mitchell herself had been the victim of...

00:38:2729 sec.
LAMB

He goes on and talks about Sarah McClendon, and this is the line I wanted to ask you about. Sarah McClendon, a reporter from Texas, asked him some tough...

00:38:5642 sec.
GITTINES

I think he had known Sarah for a very long time because she does represent a huge string of little Texas newspapers, so she was in and out of his office....

00:39:389 sec.
LAMB

What were you doing as you were tape recording all of these interviews and you kept hearing this stuff about the press? Were you nodding, I agree, or...

00:39:4729 sec.
GITTINES

As a reporter, I could really engage him in a dialog. I could play the devil's advocate and bring him out a little bit by just literally arguing with...

00:40:161 sec.
LAMB

Did he hate the press?

00:40:1737 sec.
GITTINES

No, I think because he was a consummate politician, very skillful, he saw the press as a tool -- a tool to be used, not in a cynical way, to manipulate....

00:40:5416 sec.
LAMB

Page 30, you write for him: "There had been infidelities on my part, but extramarital affairs are rarely the cause of a failed marriage. They are the...

00:41:109 sec.
GITTINES

You say that "I wrote" -- that's word for word what he said to me in conversation in his office.

00:41:192 sec.
LAMB

That's what I meant.

00:41:2133 sec.
GITTINES

He had acknowledged, I think, prior to that in interviews that there had been infidelities during his first marriage, but he said there had no infidelities...

00:41:549 sec.
LAMB

What impact did this book have when it came out from your perspective, the reviews that it got, the sales and all that? Did it get what you expected...

00:42:0332 sec.
GITTINES

It was reviewed in all the major national publications, New York Times, Washington Post. It got fairly good reviews, seeing how controversial John Tower...

00:42:353 sec.
LAMB

What happened to this book after his death?

00:42:387 sec.
GITTINES

It surged in sales for a week to 10 days and then leveled back off again.

00:42:4525 sec.
LAMB

Back to the journalism. He says, "Journalists are proud of their high standards. They talk about the four Ws -- who, what when and where -- and even...

00:43:1027 sec.
GITTINES

I think he was getting to the press coverage during his confirmation hearing which just dwelt on the rumors, the innuendos, the baseless charges that...

00:43:379 sec.
LAMB

Had you been with UPI Audio on the other side of this fence reporting on the United States Senate, would you have covered it the same way everybody...

00:43:4654 sec.
GITTINES

That's a good question. I think the competitive pressures were such that a lot of reporters probably did what they later came to regret. We report in...

00:44:406 sec.
LAMB

Who did the leaking of the stories on the Hill, according to his perspective?

00:44:4626 sec.
GITTINES

He thinks a lot of it came out of the Democratic staff on the Senate Armed Services Committee. He points the finger specifically at Arnold Punaro, who...

00:45:1210 sec.
LAMB

How does it work? Go back to the beginning of all this when the story started. When did they first start circulating about his alleged alcoholism or...

00:45:221 min.
GITTINES

The senator started in 1961 in the United States Senate. He came to the Senate as the youngest member of the Senate. He replaced Lyndon Johnson, a figure...

00:46:3118 sec.
LAMB

But once the nomination came, and we go back to the process on Capitol Hill that you've now been on both sides of this issue -- inside his world and...

00:46:496 sec.
GITTINES

They just leak everywhere. I mean, it becomes a contest of who do you leak to and how much.

00:46:551 sec.
LAMB

How does it work?

00:46:5622 sec.
GITTINES

Your favorite leakees tend to be the New York Times, the Washington Post and the networks. They're the most highly visible national media outlets, so...

00:47:184 sec.
LAMB

How does that work? In other words, do they pick up the telephone and say, "Come by. I've got information for you, but you've got to keep it quiet."?...

00:47:2249 sec.
GITTINES

Yes. Well, sometimes it's a simple telephone call. Sometimes it's a note advising you to take a look at this document or that document. Sometimes it's...

00:48:1116 sec.
LAMB

I'm going back to this, and I'd like to ask you whether he was madder at or blamed more the senators or the press for his eventual decline when they...

00:48:2751 sec.
GITTINES

I think he would blame Sam Nunn. I think he saw Sam Nunn as playing the pivotal role in shooting him down. He couldn't understand why Nunn had done...

00:49:1815 sec.
LAMB

He also says, "Today, senators are in such a hurry that there is no time to understand. They are creatures of the media, and the institutional memory...

00:49:3342 sec.
GITTINES

Sen. Everett Dirksen would hold forth in the evening after 5 o'clock with many of the old Senate barons in attendance -- the Richard Russells and the...

00:50:1513 sec.
LAMB

You told us about the interviews and you met with him here in his office here in his office when he would come to town, 30 different interviews on tape....

00:50:2819 sec.
GITTINES

I think it was about three months in, two-and-a-half to three months in. I had been roughing out outlines, trying my hand at some sample chapters just...

00:50:471 sec.
LAMB

So you're early '90?

00:50:487 sec.
GITTINES

Yes, it was early '90, right after the first of the year, where I could really get into it, as I said, about 12 hours a day.

00:50:554 sec.
LAMB

Did you decide how the chapters would be lined up?

00:50:5949 sec.
GITTINES

What we did is I developed an outline and submitted it to him and submitted it to Fredi Friedman, the editor at Little Brown, and we went from there....

00:51:4814 sec.
LAMB

Did you ever have a discussion where you sat around and talked about how to make this book a bestseller. In other words, we're going to have to put...

00:52:0241 sec.
GITTINES

We used to laugh about that. We used to laugh that Little Brown_ they wanted a best-seller, obviously. They were publishing it. They wanted it on top...

00:52:436 sec.
LAMB

But you never decided you'd put something in there because you thought it would sell a book?

00:52:4933 sec.
GITTINES

I probably personally in writing it would steer him into areas that I thought as a former journalist would provoke some headlines and tried to make...

00:53:2228 sec.
LAMB

You almost can't turn a page without seeing again something about the media, and near the very end of this book, he makes some suggestions on change....

00:53:5034 sec.
GITTINES

No, not at all. In fact, I think the senator was right on the mark there. You cannot have a democracy if you don't have dialogue, if you don't have...

00:54:249 sec.
LAMB

Did he ever say to you, if I had it to do over again knowing what I know now about the confirmation process, I would have done this differently.

00:54:3353 sec.
GITTINES

I would say to him, "What would you do differently, Senator, if you had it to do all over again?" He would think about it and he would say, "Basically...

00:55:263 sec.
LAMB

If you had to do this whole process over again, what would you do differently?

00:55:292 sec.
GITTINES

I'd take two more years to do it.

00:55:311 sec.
LAMB

Why?

00:55:3225 sec.
GITTINES

I think that John Tower deserved two or three years of research and labor on his memoirs and we unfortunately didn't have enough time to do that. Two...

00:55:5712 sec.
LAMB

Someone watching this and seeing this book, realizing that Sen. Tower is dead, what would you say to them would be the value of the book at this point?...

00:56:0947 sec.
GITTINES

It's a historical document, I hope, of considerable value and importance and so did he. That's why he worked as hard as he did on it. It gives an inside...

00:56:564 sec.
LAMB

Roger Gittines, collaborator and writer of Consequences, John G. Tower: A Personal and Political Memoir. Thank you very much for joining us.

00:57:04
GITTINES

Thank you, Brian.

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