On April 11, 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice filed suit in U.S. District Court in New York against Apple, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, Macmillan, and Penguin Group over collusion in the pricing of e-books. Hachette, HarperCollins, and Simon & Schuster had since agreed to settle the case, while the rest declined. The companies claimed they were merely fighting the predatory pricing policies of Amazon, which held a near monopoly.