Witnesses testified about issues of intellectual property piracy, including products of high value from authors, artists, inventors, programmers, and others. In his opening statement, committee chairman Senator Lugar said that when intellectual property is not adequately protected, incentives to invest in innovation are reduced. Internationally this is a World Trade Organization responsibility. Mr. Valenti said that China and Russia have the highest rates of pirated U.S. intellectual property, especially movies. Mr. Bainwol asked for monetary penalties against countries allowing intellectual piracy. Mr. Holleyman testified about the piracy of U.S.-developed computer software.